International merchandise trade is projected to exceed $32 trillion in value for 2025, following a 2.8% growth in 2024. This sector increasingly intersects with digital assets like cryptocurrencies, creating a need for effective dispute resolution mechanisms. Online Dispute Resolution (ODR) supports remote handling of conflicts through processes such as negotiation, mediation, and arbitration. Artificial intelligence (AI) and blockchain technologies may provide tools for automation and record-keeping, while human-led approaches offer established frameworks for contextual judgment and interpersonal dynamics. As of October 14, 2025, these elements coexist amid ongoing regulatory developments, with persistent issues including jurisdictional differences in crypto-related matters. This article examines the current state of ODR, drawing on recent international efforts to outline developments in cross-border dispute management.

The Evolution Of ODR In International Trade

Early ODR systems relied primarily on human facilitators to address virtual disputes in trade, particularly in e-commerce and supply chains, but faced limitations in handling volume and delays. AI tools can assist with case analysis and pattern recognition, while blockchain enables tamper-resistant documentation and automated contract execution. Human facilitators contribute expertise in nuanced interpretation and relationship-building, complementing technological inputs.

In late 2025, economic uncertainties have influenced ODR adoption. The World Trade Organisation’s (WTO) September 2025 World Trade Report indicates that AI could increase global trade value by 34-37% by 2040, underscoring the importance of efficient resolution processes in cross-border activities. Blockchain applications in arbitration, including in regions like the Middle East, support evidence verification in commercial disputes. Tokenised assets in trade introduce complexities, as evidenced by cryptocurrency exchange incidents that highlight gaps in resolution frameworks.

See The Role Of AI And Blockchain In ODR For International Trade And Crypto: A 2025 Perspective post for more.